{"id":1799,"date":"2025-10-09T12:12:41","date_gmt":"2025-10-09T17:12:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lam.unitedforclinicalnutrition.com\/es-co\/?p=1799"},"modified":"2025-10-09T12:17:36","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T17:17:36","slug":"omega-3-y-cancer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lam.unitedforclinicalnutrition.com\/es-co\/omega-3-y-cancer\/","title":{"rendered":"Omega-3 y c\u00e1ncer: evidencia cl\u00ednica y su papel en la caquexia"},"content":{"rendered":"

La relaci\u00f3n entre omega 3 y c\u00e1ncer<\/strong> ha despertado gran inter\u00e9s por su papel en la reducci\u00f3n de la inflamaci\u00f3n y la preservaci\u00f3n de la masa muscular en pacientes con caquexia. La caquexia asociada al c\u00e1ncer es un s\u00edndrome complejo, caracterizado por p\u00e9rdida de masa muscular, alteraciones metab\u00f3licas y una marcada inflamaci\u00f3n sist\u00e9mica. Se presenta en m\u00e1s del 50% de los pacientes oncol\u00f3gicos y es responsable de cerca del 20% de las muertes en esta poblaci\u00f3n. Adem\u00e1s, se asocia con peor tolerancia a los tratamientos, mayor toxicidad, reducci\u00f3n en la calidad de vida y menor sobrevida.<\/p>\n

Ante la limitada eficacia de los tratamientos convencionales, la nutrici\u00f3n cl\u00ednica ha adquirido un rol central en su manejo. Entre las estrategias m\u00e1s prometedoras destacan los \u00e1cidos grasos omega-3, nutrientes con propiedades antiinflamatorias, inmunomoduladoras y protectoras frente a la p\u00e9rdida de masa muscular (2)<\/a>. La evidencia cient\u00edfica, derivada de ensayos cl\u00ednicos y metaan\u00e1lisis, respalda cada vez m\u00e1s su uso como parte del abordaje integral en pacientes con c\u00e1ncer.\u00a0 Esta revisi\u00f3n sintetiza la evidencia cl\u00ednica disponible sobre el papel de los omega-3 en la caquexia asociada al c\u00e1ncer y en la mitigaci\u00f3n de sus complicaciones.<\/p>\n

<\/h5>\n
Estado corporal e inmunidad<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Los niveles de omega-3 suelen ser bajos en la poblaci\u00f3n general y tambi\u00e9n en pacientes con c\u00e1ncer (1)<\/a>. Ensayos cl\u00ednicos muestran que la suplementaci\u00f3n oral con EPA y DHA aumenta de forma r\u00e1pida los biomarcadores corporales de estos \u00e1cidos grasos (2)<\/a> y mejora la respuesta inmune. En pacientes sometidos a cirug\u00eda de c\u00e1ncer colorrectal, la suplementaci\u00f3n preoperatoria con omega-3 (Supportan\u00ae, 2 g EPA + 1 g DHA\/d\u00eda) redujo mediadores inflamatorios proinflamatorios y elev\u00f3 los antiinflamatorios (3)<\/a>. En c\u00e1ncer de mama, la suplementaci\u00f3n durante la quimioterapia (4.4 g\/d\u00eda) ayud\u00f3 a preservar la funci\u00f3n inmunitaria (4)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Metaan\u00e1lisis recientes confirman que la suplementaci\u00f3n con omega-3 en pacientes oncol\u00f3gicos disminuye complicaciones infecciosas, reduce la estancia hospitalaria y mejora par\u00e1metros inmunol\u00f3gicos como el aumento de linfocitos CD4+ (5)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/h5>\n
Propiedas antiinflamatorias<\/strong><\/h5>\n

La inflamaci\u00f3n sist\u00e9mica persistente es uno de los principales motores de la caquexia. Los omega-3 han demostrado reducirla de manera significativa. Un metaan\u00e1lisis de 17 ensayos con 916 pacientes evidenci\u00f3 menores niveles de prote\u00edna C reactiva tras la suplementaci\u00f3n (9)<\/a>. Otro metaan\u00e1lisis con m\u00e1s de 2000 participantes mostr\u00f3 reducciones en citocinas clave como la IL-6 y el TNF-\u03b1 (10)<\/a>. Estos resultados confirman la capacidad de los omega-3 para modular la inflamaci\u00f3n y apoyar la respuesta terap\u00e9utica.<\/p>\n

<\/h5>\n
Peso corporal y masa muscular.<\/strong><\/h5>\n

La p\u00e9rdida de peso y masa muscular es un signo caracter\u00edstico de la caquexia. Estudios en pacientes con c\u00e1ncer de cabeza y cuello reportaron que la suplementaci\u00f3n con EPA (Supportan\u00ae, 2 g\/d\u00eda) durante seis semanas mejor\u00f3 el peso, la masa magra y la calidad de vida (13)<\/a>. En ni\u00f1os con leucemia linfobl\u00e1stica aguda, dosis ajustadas de omega-3 (100 mg\/kg\/d\u00eda de DHA + EPA) ayudaron a reducir la p\u00e9rdida de masa magra (14)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Metaan\u00e1lisis recientes muestran una relaci\u00f3n dosis-respuesta positiva: cada 1 g\/d\u00eda adicional de omega-3 se asocia con incremento de peso corporal, con beneficios hasta 4 g\/d\u00eda (15)<\/a>. En l\u00ednea con estos hallazgos, la gu\u00eda ESPEN recomienda considerar la suplementaci\u00f3n con omega-3 para estabilizar el apetito y preservar la masa magra en pacientes con c\u00e1ncer avanzado (18)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Apetito, toxicidades y sobrevida.<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Adem\u00e1s de su efecto metab\u00f3lico, los omega-3 parecen modular el apetito mediante la acci\u00f3n sobre neurop\u00e9ptidos y citocinas inflamatorias (19<\/a>,20)<\/a>. Ensayos en pacientes con c\u00e1ncer gastrointestinal mostraron mejor\u00eda en el apetito y menor p\u00e9rdida de masa muscular durante la quimioterapia con aceite de pescado (3.6 g\/d\u00eda, 9 semanas) (21)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

En cuanto a la toxicidad, metaan\u00e1lisis y ensayos cl\u00ednicos han evidenciado que la suplementaci\u00f3n con omega-3 puede atenuar la cardiotoxicidad inducida por doxorrubicina en ni\u00f1os con leucemia (23)<\/a>, reducir la incidencia de neuropat\u00eda perif\u00e9rica (24)<\/a> y mejorar la tolerancia a los tratamientos oncol\u00f3gicos, incluyendo menor dolor y mucositis oral (22)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Finalmente, aunque algunos estudios no han mostrado cambios significativos en peso o masa magra, s\u00ed reportan mejor\u00eda en la calidad de vida y, en ciertos casos, incremento en la supervivencia global (25)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

La suplementaci\u00f3n con \u00e1cidos grasos omega-3 representa una estrategia nutricional prometedora en oncolog\u00eda, especialmente en el manejo de la caquexia y sus complicaciones. Su impacto se refleja en la reducci\u00f3n de la inflamaci\u00f3n, la preservaci\u00f3n de la masa muscular, la mejora del apetito y la disminuci\u00f3n de toxicidades derivadas de los tratamientos.<\/p>\n

Las gu\u00edas internacionales ya incluyen a los omega-3 como parte de las recomendaciones en pacientes con riesgo de desnutrici\u00f3n. No obstante, se requieren ensayos m\u00e1s amplios y homog\u00e9neos que permitan establecer con mayor precisi\u00f3n las dosis \u00f3ptimas, la duraci\u00f3n y las condiciones cl\u00ednicas en las que se obtiene el mayor beneficio.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Referencias<\/strong><\/h6>\n
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2. Molfino A, Amabile MI, Mazzucco S, et al. Effect of Oral Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation on DHA Levels and Omega-3 Index in Red Blood Cell Membranes of Breast Cancer Patients. Front Physiol. 2017;8:549. doi:10.3389\/fphys.2017.00549<\/h6>\n
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4. Munhoz J, Newell M, Goruk S, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation attenuates changes in the concentration, phenotype, and response of immune peripheral blood cells in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy. Secondary findings from the DHA-WIN trial. Breast Cancer Res. 2025;27(1):91. doi:10.1186\/s13058-025-02048-z<\/h6>\n
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8. Merker M, Felder M, Gueissaz L, et al. Association of Baseline Inflammation With Effectiveness of Nutritional Support Among Patients With Disease-Related Malnutrition: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e200663. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0663<\/h6>\n
9. Pan L, Zhou Y, Yin H, Hui H, Guo Y, Xie X. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Can Reduce C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutr Cancer. 2022;74(3):840-851. doi:10.1080\/01635581.2021.1931365<\/h6>\n
10. Amiri Khosroshahi R, Heidari Seyedmahalle M, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Fakhr L, Wilkins S, Mohammadi H. The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Inflammatory Factors in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutr Cancer. 2024;76(1):1-16. doi:10.1080\/01635581.2023.2274135<\/h6>\n
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13. Sol\u00eds-Mart\u00ednez O, Plasa-Carvalho V, Phillips-Sixtos G, et al. Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Body Composition and Inflammation Markers in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer from a Public Hospital in Mexico. Nutr Cancer. 2018;70(4):663-670. doi:10.1080\/01635581.2018.1460678<\/h6>\n
14. Barbosa-Cort\u00e9s L, Mart\u00ednez-Vieyra X, Mej\u00eda-Arangur\u00e9 JM, et al. Pilot study on the effect of supplementation with long-chain \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on body composition in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(9):1759-1769. doi:10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.06.022<\/h6>\n
15. Ghoreishy SM, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Amiri Khosroshahi R, Hemmati A, Noormohammadi M, Mohammadi H. Dose-Dependent Impacts of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Anthropometric Variables in Patients With Cancer: Results From a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Clin Nutr Res. 2024;13(3):186-200. Published 2024 Jul 29. doi:10.7762\/cnr.2024.13.3.186<\/h6>\n
16. Wang Y, Liu R, Chang M, et al. Does omega-3 PUFA-enriched oral nutritional intervention benefit cancer patients receiving chemo (radio) therapy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(18):3081-3096. doi:10.1080\/10408398.2021.1984199<\/h6>\n
17. Chua AV Jr, Hernandez ARB, Mendoza MJL, San Juan MD. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Increase Weight and Quality of Life Scores in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Cancer Cachexia: A Meta-Analysis. Integr Cancer Ther. 2024;23:15347354241275052. doi:10.1177\/15347354241275052<\/h6>\n
18.\u00a0 Muscaritoli M, Arends J, Bachmann P, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):2898-2913. doi:10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.005<\/h6>\n
19. Ramos EJ, Romanova IV, Suzuki S, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on orexigenic and anorexigenic modulators at the onset of anorexia. Brain Res. 2005;1046(1-2):157-164. doi:10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.03.052<\/h6>\n
20. Goncalves CG, Ramos EJ, Romanova IV, Suzuki S, Chen C, Meguid MM. Omega-3 fatty acids improve appetite in cancer anorexia, but tumor resecting restores it. Surgery. 2006;139(2):202-208. doi:10.1016\/j.surg.2005.08.001<\/h6>\n
21. Mocellin MC, Camargo CQ, Fabre MES, Trindade EB. Fish oil effects on quality of life, body weight and free fat mass change in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a triple blind, randomized clinical trial. J Funct Foods. 2017;31:113-122. doi:10.1016\/j.jff.2017.01.041<\/h6>\n
22. Tang X, Li W, Zhong Q, Wan L. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Oral Mucositis Induced by Anticancer Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. Nutr Cancer. 2025;77(6):600-609. doi:10.1080\/01635581.2025.2492135<\/h6>\n
23. El Amrousy D, El-Afify D, Khedr R, Ibrahim AM. Omega 3 fatty acids can reduce early doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2022;69(7):e29496. doi:10.1002\/pbc.29496<\/h6>\n
24. Lam CN, Watt AE, Isenring EA, de van der Schueren MAE, van der Meij BS. The effect of oral omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on muscle maintenance and quality of life in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(6):3815-3826. doi:10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.04.031<\/h6>\n
25. Jin X, Xu XT, Tian MX, Dai Z. Omega-3 polyunsaterated fatty acids improve quality of life and survival, but not body weight in cancer cachexia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Nutr Res. 2022;107:165-178. doi:10.1016\/j.nutres.2022.09.009<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La relaci\u00f3n entre omega 3 y c\u00e1ncer ha despertado gran inter\u00e9s por su papel en la reducci\u00f3n de la inflamaci\u00f3n y la preservaci\u00f3n de la masa muscular en pacientes con caquexia. La caquexia asociada al c\u00e1ncer es un s\u00edndrome complejo, caracterizado por p\u00e9rdida de masa muscular, alteraciones metab\u00f3licas y una marcada inflamaci\u00f3n sist\u00e9mica. Se presenta […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5728,"featured_media":1801,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1799","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articulo-3","category-nutricion-clinica"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOmega 3 y c\u00e1ncer: beneficios, evidencia cl\u00ednica y caquexia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Descubre c\u00f3mo el omega 3 ayuda en el c\u00e1ncer: reduce la inflamaci\u00f3n, preserva la masa muscular y mejora la calidad de vida.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lam.unitedforclinicalnutrition.com\/es-co\/omega-3-y-cancer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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